Health
California Droughts Linked to Rise in Dust-Borne Fungal Infections
As California continues to grapple with severe droughts, a dust-borne fungal disease known as Valley fever is on the rise. This lung infection, caused by the Coccidioides fungus, is typically found in the soil of California and Arizona. However, climate change and prolonged drought conditions are contributing to an increase in cases.
Recently, dozens of people contracted Valley fever after attending a music festival in California, with at least eight individuals requiring hospitalization. Health officials caution that the risk of this fungal infection will persist into early fall.
Valley fever, or coccidioidomycosis, isn’t confined to California alone. The Coccidioides fungus is also present in the soil of the Pacific Northwest, the southwestern United States, and parts of Latin America. Each year, approximately 10,000 cases of Valley fever are reported in the U.S., with the majority occurring in Arizona and about 30% in California.
The rise in Valley fever cases in the southwestern U.S. is partly due to climate change and droughts. The Coccidioides fungus thrives in hot, dry conditions, and people can become infected by inhaling spores from the soil.
Many individuals with Valley fever might not realize they have the infection, as symptoms can be mild or mistaken for other respiratory illnesses.
“The numbers that have been discovered around this particular music festival almost certainly are an underestimate of all those that are out there because a lot of people most likely had an illness which you couldn’t tell from influenza or some other respiratory infection, and just weren’t tested and eventually got over it on their own,” said John Galgiani, MD, director of the Valley Fever Center for Excellence at the University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson.
Symptoms of Valley fever can take one to three weeks to appear after inhaling the spores. Common symptoms include fever, fatigue, cough, headache, shortness of breath, night sweats, muscle aches, and rashes on the legs and upper body.
While the disease is not contagious and many people recover without treatment, those who develop symptoms can feel unwell for weeks or even months. Up to 10% of infections can lead to long-term lung issues, and in about 1% of cases, the infection can spread to the bones, skin, or central nervous system, causing meningitis.
“Knowing about this disease is probably the best defense,” Galgiani emphasized.
Healthcare providers typically use blood or skin tests to diagnose Valley fever, with results taking a few days. In some instances, additional tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or respiratory fluid tests may be necessary.
Although the Coccidioides fungus is primarily found in Arizona and California, it has been detected as far north as Washington State. People living in these regions are most susceptible to Valley fever, especially older adults, immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women.
“The best way to avoid it is don’t go to an area where you are likely to encounter it,” advised Timothy Brewer, MD, MPH, a professor of medicine and epidemiology at the University of California, Los Angeles.
For those residing in areas where the fungus is prevalent, reducing risk involves staying indoors on hot, dusty, and windy days or wearing an N95 mask or respirator.
It takes just one spore to cause illness, and there is currently no vaccine for Valley fever. However, antifungal treatments are available for those at risk of severe infections. Many people recover fully from Valley fever without medication and are unlikely to get the infection again.
“Don’t panic because of the reports about the outbreak. This has been around forever and will continue to be around,” Brewer reassured.
“Just be sensible if you do develop fever, cough, and you’re concerned about whether or not you have Valley fever, go see your healthcare provider, and there are certainly very good tests to try to sort this all out.”
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A rare and highly contagious fungal infection, resembling ringworm, has recently emerged in the United States and is causing concern among health professionals. This new fungal STI, known as Trichophyton mentagrophytes ITS genotype VII (TMVII), was identified in a case involving a man from New York City who had traveled to England, Greece, and California. He presented to the doctor with circular rashes on his penis, buttocks, limbs, and back. Researchers identified TMVII as the cause, according to a report published in June in JAMA Dermatology.
Dermatologists have been aware of this super contagious fungus for some time. Reports of TMVII have surfaced in Southeast Asia and Europe, with 13 known cases in France in 2023. Similar to ringworm and jock itch, TMVII can cause a scaly red rash. However, unlike these more common fungal infections that spread through skin-to-skin contact or by touching infected objects like towels or sheets, TMVII has a different mode of transmission.
“It’s problematic because of how it seems to spread, which appears to be through sexual contact,” Avrom Caplan, MD, lead author of the report and assistant professor of dermatology at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, tells SELF.
Twelve of the 13 infections in France last year were among men who have sex with men, and the patient in the JAMA Dermatology report mentioned having male sexual partners during his travels.
As a relatively new STI, there is still much to learn about TMVII and the best ways to manage it. Here are five important things to know about this very contagious, though still rare, fungus:
1. **TMVII Causes Unusual Lesions**: Unlike other tinea infections, the lesions caused by TMVII appear on genital skin, which is atypical. Dr. Caplan notes, “the lesions appear on genital skin, which isn’t typical.”
2. **Intense Itching is a Key Symptom**: Those infected with TMVII often experience intense itching. However, because doctors are not accustomed to seeing these infections on the buttocks or genitals, they might misdiagnose it as eczema or psoriasis.
3. **Potential for Stigma and Delayed Treatment**: Since TMVII is sexually transmitted, there is a concern that people might feel anxious or stressed about stigma. This could lead to delays in seeking medical advice, which Dr. Caplan warns can “lead to impaired quality of life and potential for further spread.”
4. **Transmission Through Sexual Contact**: Unlike other dermatophyte infections, TMVII spreads primarily through sexual contact. This mode of transmission is concerning and requires awareness and caution.
5. **Rareness and Geographic Spread**: Although TMVII is still rare, its presence in multiple countries, including recent cases in the US and France, indicates that it is spreading. Awareness and vigilance are essential to prevent further transmission.
Ringworm, jock itch, and athlete’s foot are all caused by dermatophytes that live on the skin, hair, or nails. These infections typically manifest as red, scaly, itchy rashes that can be ring-shaped. They usually appear in moist areas like the limbs, scalp, groin, feet, or nails. Despite their name, ringworm infections have nothing to do with actual worms.
These infections are generally picked up through casual contact with people, pets, or public spaces like locker rooms or pool areas. Until recently, they were not considered sexually transmitted.
The emergence of TMVII highlights the need for increased awareness and understanding of this new fungal STI. By recognizing the symptoms and seeking timely medical advice, individuals can help prevent the spread of this contagious infection.
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Hair loss can be a distressing experience for women, often leading to feelings of isolation and self-consciousness. Understanding the reasons behind hair loss can be the first step in addressing the issue effectively. Here are some common causes of hair loss in women and what you need to know about them.
Female Pattern Hair Loss
The most prevalent cause of hair loss in older women is female pattern hair loss, also known as androgenetic alopecia. This condition is essentially the female counterpart to the genetic issue that causes men to go bald. According to Maria Colavincenzo, M.D., “It’s the ‘lady’s version’ of the genetic condition that causes men to go bald.”
This type of hair loss is due to inherited genes that cause hair follicles to shrink and eventually stop producing hair. You might notice your part widening, your ponytail thinning, or hair receding around your temples. Unlike men who often develop a receding hairline or bald spots, women’s hair loss tends to be more diffuse. “In women, it’s often more diffuse, where the hair on the whole top area of the head is a little thinner,” Colavincenzo explains.
Treatments for this condition vary, including over-the-counter 5 percent minoxidil solution (Rogaine), prescription medications, laser therapy, and various scalp injections.
Hormonal Changes
Hormonal fluctuations, particularly those related to menopause, can significantly impact hair health. A 2022 study published in the journal Menopause found that 52 percent of postmenopausal women experienced hair thinning or hair loss. These changes can disrupt the normal hair growth cycle, leading to increased shedding and thinning.
Medical Conditions
Certain medical conditions can also contribute to hair loss. Sudden or excessive hair loss, bald patches, or hair loss accompanied by a rash, flaking, or itchiness may indicate a more serious issue. “It is a good idea to check with your dermatologist if you notice a significant amount of hair loss,” advises Shoshana Marmon, M.D., assistant professor of dermatology at New York Medical College. An accurate diagnosis is crucial, as treatment can vary significantly depending on the underlying cause.
Stress and Lifestyle Factors
High levels of stress and poor lifestyle choices can also lead to hair loss. Chronic stress can push hair follicles into a resting phase, causing hair to fall out more easily. Additionally, factors like poor diet, lack of sleep, and excessive use of hair styling tools can further exacerbate the problem.
Nutritional Deficiencies
A balanced diet is essential for maintaining healthy hair. Deficiencies in key nutrients such as iron, vitamin D, and biotin can lead to hair thinning and loss. Ensuring you get a well-rounded diet rich in these nutrients can help maintain hair health.
Medications
Certain medications can also cause hair loss as a side effect. These may include drugs used to treat cancer, arthritis, depression, heart problems, and high blood pressure. If you suspect your medication is affecting your hair, consult your healthcare provider for alternatives or solutions.
Understanding the various reasons behind hair loss can help women take proactive steps to address this challenging issue. From genetic factors to lifestyle choices, knowing what might be causing your hair to thin can guide you toward effective treatments and solutions. If you notice significant hair loss, it’s always a good idea to consult a dermatologist for an accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment plan.
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Thirty-four million Americans, or about one in ten people in the U.S., are currently diagnosed with diabetes, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Even more alarming is that an estimated one in three Americans has prediabetes, with only 15 percent aware of their condition. This alarming statistic underscores the importance of recognizing the signs of diabetes. The Mayo Clinic advises that symptoms such as fatigue, increased thirst or hunger, changes in skin, weight fluctuations, and blurred vision can indicate serious blood sugar imbalances.
Beyond these well-known signs, there’s another indicator that experts urge you to be aware of. This clue can be found right at your fingertips, particularly if you know what to look for. Read on to discover how your fingernails might reveal a diabetes diagnosis.
A “slight blush” on the nail could indicate diabetes.
Your fingernails can provide significant insights into your overall health, as pointed out by Elizabeth Salada, MD, via Diabetes.co.uk. Dr. Salada routinely checks her patients’ nails during medical examinations.
“Lots of common diseases can present themselves through the appearance of your nails,” she shared.
Healthy nails are typically pink, flat, and even in color. Any changes in shape, thickness, or consistency can signal a problem. Specifically, Dr. Salada warns that “a slight blush at [the] bottom of the nail is sometimes a symptom of diabetes.”
Your nails may also turn yellow or more brittle.
According to Healthline, yellow or brittle nails can also be a sign of diabetes. This is because diabetes makes you more susceptible to a fungal infection called onychomycosis.
“In some people with diabetes, the nails take on a yellowish hue,” the health resource explains.
“Often this coloring has to do with the breakdown of sugar and its effect on the collagen in nails.”
While the discoloration itself is not harmful and does not need treatment, it can indicate deeper issues. If you notice this change, consult your doctor for an evaluation, especially if you’re experiencing other symptoms.
A “distinctive line” across the nail is another red flag.
As you age, you may naturally develop vertical ridges on your nails. However, horizontal lines, known as Beau’s lines, could be the result of type 2 diabetes. These lines can be caused by uncontrolled blood sugar levels, according to the Mayo Clinic. This same symptom can also be linked to other conditions, such as thyroid problems. If you observe these lines on your nails, it’s essential to consult your doctor to discuss potential causes.
Your nails can also appear “shortened.”
While short nails may be due to biting or breakage, they can also indicate a deeper health issue. In rare cases, nerve damage from diabetes can inhibit nail growth, leading to nails on certain fingers appearing “shortened” and “fragile,” as reported by the journal Practical Diabetes.
Recognizing these subtle signs on your nails can be crucial in identifying diabetes early. If you notice any of these changes, it’s important to consult your healthcare provider for a thorough evaluation. Early detection and management can make a significant difference in your overall health and well-being.
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